Fetal hemoglobin regulating genetic variants identified in homozygous (HbSS) and heterozygous (HbSA) subjects from South Mexico.

Hemoglobin S is caused by a nucleotide change in HBB gene (HBB:c.20A>T, p.Glu6Val), is presented in diverse forms: simple carriers (HbSA), homozygotes (HbSS) also known as sickle cell anemia, and compound heterozygotes with other ß-hemoglobinopathies. It is worldwide distributed, in Mexico, is frequently observed in the southern states Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Elevated fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is associated with mild phenotype; single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in modifier genes, such as BCL11A, HBG2, HBBP1 pseudogene and HBS1L-MYB intergenic region, upregulate HbF synthesis. The aim of this study was to identify HbF regulating genetic variants in HbSS and HbSA Mexican subjects. We studied 39 individuals (HbSS = 24, 61%, HbSA = 15, 39%) from Chiapas (67%) and Guerrero (33%), peripheral blood was collected in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for molecular and hematological studies, DNA was isolated by salting-out technic and genotyping was performed through allelic discrimination by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Taqman® probes for 15 SNV (in BCL11A: rs6706648, rs7557939, rs4671393, rs11886868, rs766432, rs7599488, rs1427407; HBS1L-MYB: rs28384513, rs7776054, rs9399137, rs4895441, rs9402686, rs1320963; HBG2: rs7482144; and HBBP1: rs10128556). The obtained data were analyzed using IMB SPSS v.22.0 software. All minor alleles were observed in frequencies over 0.05, the most frequent was rs9402686 (0.82), while the less frequent was rs101028556 (0.08). In HbSS group, the mean fetal hemoglobin was 11.9 ± 5.9% and was significantly elevated in BCL11A rs11886868 wildtype homozygotes and in carriers of HBS1L-MYB intergenic region rs7776054 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). In conclusion, in HbSS Mexican patients, two SNVs were observed related to increased HbF; BCL11A rs11886868 and HBS1L-MYB rs7776054.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is one of the most common types of hemoglobinopathies in people of African ancestry, it is caused by homozygosity of HbS mutation (HBB:c.20A>T). It is known that fetal hemoglobin plays a key role in decreasing HbS polymerization which damages the erythrocyte structure and is responsible for the characteristic hemolytic crises endured by these patients. Single-nucleotide variant (SNV) in genes that regulate fetal hemoglobin (HbF) after birth have been associated with its increment, thus ameliorating the hematologic phenotype of this pathology and other ß-hemoglobinopathies. Therefore, in this study, we identified, for the first time in Mexican patients with SCA (HbSS) and HbS carriers (HbSA), the presence of 15 SNVs on BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB and HBG2; all HbSS patients had anemia and elevated HbF; 2 variants were related to increased HbF rs11688888C of BCL11A and rs7776054G of HBSIL-MYB; and finally, all minor alleles were found at a frequency higher than 0.05.

Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair: does IPOM plus allow to increase the indications in larger defects?

PURPOSE: The laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) may have a limit of effectiveness, especially in defects greater than 80 cm2, with a higher recurrence rate which contraindicates this technique. The purpose of this study is to analyze the indication of LVHR determining and comparing the recurrence rate according to defect size in two series. METHODS: We analyzed all patients who underwent LVHR between 2007 and 2017. Patients were divided according to the ring size: < o ≥ 80 cm2 into group one (G1) and group two (G2) respectively. In both groups, all three techniques were used: intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM), IPOM with closure of the defect (IPOM plus), and IPOM plus + anterior videoscopic component separation (AVCS). RESULTS: A total of 258 patients underwent LVHR. Mean recurrence rate was 13% in G1 and 24% in G2. A statistically significant difference was found when comparing the IPOM technique among both groups, with a higher recurrence rate when ring size was ≥ 80 cm2 (p < 0.5). However, when comparing recurrence rate in IPOM plus and IPOM plus + AVCS between both groups, no significant differences were observed, yielding a p of 0.51 and 0.63, respectively. CONCLUSION: The IPOM technique has shown a limit of effectiveness in large ventral hernia defects. The combination of techniques (ring closure and AVCS) may be useful to expand the indication for this surgery to larger defects and to reduce the recurrence rate. Prospective randomized studies are required to confirm this trend.

Update of the SFMV (French society of vascular medicine) guidelines on the conditions and safety measures necessary for thermal ablation of the saphenous veins and proposals for unresolved issues.

Venous insufficiency is a very common disease affecting about 25% of the French population (if we combine all stages of its progression). It is a complex disease and its aetiology has not yet been fully elucidated. Some of its causes are well known, such as valvular dysfunction, vein wall defect, and the suctioning effect common to all varicose veins. These factors are generally associated and together lead to dysfunction of one or more of the saphenous veins. Saphenous vein dysfunction is revealed by ultrasound scan, a reflux lasting more than 0.5 seconds indicating venous incompetence. The potential consequences of saphenous vein dysfunction over time include: symptoms (heaviness, swellings, restlessness, cramps, itching of the lower limbs), acute complications (superficial venous thrombosis, varicose bleeding), chronic complications (changes in skin texture and colour, stasis dermatitis, eczema, vein atresia, leg ulcer), and appearance of unaesthetic varicose veins. It is not possible to repair an incompetent saphenous vein. The only therapeutic options at present are ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy, physical removal of the vein (saphenous stripping), or its thermal ablation (by laser or radiofrequency treatment), the latter strategy having now become the gold standard as recommended by international guidelines. Recommendations concerning thermal ablation of saphenous veins were published in 2014 by the Société française de médecine vasculaire. Our society has now decided to update these recommendations, taking this opportunity to discuss unresolved issues and issues not addressed in the original guidelines. Thermal ablation of an incompetent saphenous vein consists in destroying this by means of a heating element introduced via ultrasound-guided venous puncture. The heating element comprises either a laser fibre or a radiofrequency catheter. The practitioner must provide the patient with full information about the procedure and obtain his/her consent prior to its implementation. The checklist concerning the interventional procedure issued by the HAS should be validated for each patient (see the appended document).

Evaluation of methods for DNA extraction from Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores and its detection by qPCR.

Clostridium tyrobutyricum is the major agent that causes the blowing defect in cheese due to the germination of its dormant spores during the ripening stage. As a result, many of the affected cheeses show cavities and cracks, which cause the product loss in most cases. Nowadays, there is not a fast method capable of detecting milk contaminated with C. tyrobutyricum spores. The aim of this study has been to develop a fast and reliable method based on real time PCR (qPCR) to detect C. tyrobutyricum spores in raw milk. One of the main limitations has been to find a good procedure for the spore disruption to extract the DNA due to its high resistance. For this reason, different disruption methods have been tested, including chemical agents, bead beating, enzymatic and microwave treatment. Furthermore, an enzymatic treatment with subtilisin was applied for milk clarification and recovery of spores. The comparison of the assayed methods has been made using sterile milk spiked with C. tyrobutyricum spores, obtained in solid or liquid medium. The results showed that microwave treatment followed by a standard DNA purification step was found to be the best disruption method. The Ct values obtained for spores were higher than those found for vegetative cells by qPCR, for the same quantity of DNA. This difference could be due to the action of the Small Acid Soluble Proteins (SASP) in the DNA packaging of spores. Moreover, spores obtained in agar plate were found more resistant to disruption than those obtained in liquid medium. Subtilisin and microwave treatments were found to be successful for DNA extraction from C. tyrobutyricum spores in milk and subsequent identification by qPCR. However, the differences observed between the amplification of DNA from spores obtained in different media and from vegetative cells have to be taken into account to optimize a method for C. tyrobutyricum detection.

Detection of egg and milk residues on work surfaces in school canteens in the Hortaleza District, Madrid and their relevance to children with allergy to these food groups

No disponible

Bases de la imagen funcional I: técnicas en uso clínico actualmente / Fundamentals of functional imaging I: current clinical techniques

Con las técnicas de imagen se puede establecer un fenotipo estructural, fisiológico y molecular del cáncer, que ayuda a un diagnóstico y un tratamiento preciso y personalizado. En los últimos años se han introducido y establecido en la práctica clínica diaria varias técnicas radiológicas que permiten estudiar características funcionales de los tumores de forma cuantitativa y reproducible. De esta manera, pueden estimarse la microcirculación, la angiogénesis y la permeabilidad tumoral con estudios de perfusión con contraste realizados mediante adquisiciones dinámicas ultrarrápidas con ecografía, tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética (RM). La difusión forma parte de todos los protocolos actuales de RM para la evaluación de lesiones oncológicas en cualquier localización anatómica. La difusión informa sobre la ocupación de espacio extracelular/extravascular, y estima de manera indirecta la celularidad y la apoptosis de los tumores, habiéndose demostrado su relación con la agresividad biológica en varias estirpes tumorales, y su utilidad en la evaluación de la respuesta temprana a terapias sistémicas, locales y dirigidas. La espectroscopía de protones de hidrógeno es otra herramienta que se utiliza principalmente en el estudio de las características metabólicas de los tumores cerebrales. La complejidad técnica y la falta de reproducibilidad han limitado su uso clínico en otras áreas anatómicas, aunque existe amplia experiencia en la evaluación del cáncer de próstata y de mama, y en lesiones hepáticas. En esta revisión se analizan las técnicas de imagen radiológicas que permiten evaluar las características fisiológicas y moleculares del cáncer, y que se encuentran ya introducidas en el entorno clínico como las técnicas que evalúan la angiogénesis mediante adquisiciones dinámicas tras la administración de contraste, la difusión con RM o la espectroscopía de protones de hidrógeno con RM, así como sus principales aplicaciones en oncología

Imaging techniques can establish a structural, physiological, and molecular phenotype for cancer, which helps enable accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment. In recent years, various imaging techniques that make it possible to study the functional characteristics of tumors quantitatively and reproducibly have been introduced and have become established in routine clinical practice. Perfusion studies enable us to estimate the microcirculation as well as tumor angiogenesis and permeability using ultrafast dynamic acquisitions with ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Diffusion-weighted sequences now form part of state-of-the-art MR imaging protocols to evaluate oncologic lesions in any anatomic location. Diffusion-weighted imaging provides information about the occupation of the extracellular and extravascular space and indirectly estimates the cellularity and apoptosis of tumors, having demonstrated its relation with biologic aggressiveness in various tumor lines and its usefulness in the evaluation of the early response to systemic and local targeted therapies. Another tool is hydrogen proton MR spectroscopy, which is used mainly in the study of the metabolic characteristics of brain tumors. However, the complexity of the technique and its lack of reproducibility have limited its clinical use in other anatomic areas, although much experience with the use of this technique in the assessment of prostate and breast cancers as well as liver lesions has also accumulated. This review analyzes the imaging techniques that make it possible to evaluate the physiological and molecular characteristics of cancer that have already been introduced into clinical practice, such as techniques that evaluate angiogenesis through dynamic acquisitions after the administration of contrast material, diffusion-weighted imaging, or hydrogen proton MR spectroscopy, as well as their principal applications in oncology

Bases de la imagen funcional II: técnicas emergentes de resonancia magnética y nuevos métodos de análisis / Fundamentals of functional imaging II: emerging MR techniques and new methods of analysis

La resonancia magnética (RM) integra en los protocolos multiparamétricos clínicos actuales información estructural, fisiológica y metabólica del cáncer. Existen técnicas emergentes, como ASL, BOLD, RM elastografía, CEST e hiperpolarización, que aportan un nuevo tipo de información y que están cerca de su integración en la clínica diaria. Además, existe un gran interés en el estudio de la heterogeneidad tumoral con imagen como factor pronóstico y de resistencia al tratamiento. Para ello, se están aplicando nuevos métodos de análisis de los protocolos multiparamétricos, y a su vez se están desarrollando nuevos biomarcadores oncológicos integrando la información de la RM con los datos clínicos, analíticos, genéticos e histológicos, gracias a la aplicación del big data y la inteligencia artificial. En esta revisión se analizan varias técnicas emergentes de RM que permiten evaluar las características fisiológicas, metabólicas y mecánicas del cáncer, así como sus principales aplicaciones clínicas. Además, se resumen los métodos de análisis más novedosos de la información radiológica funcional en oncología

Current multiparameter MRI protocols integrate structural, physiological, and metabolic information about cancer. Emerging techniques such as arterial spin-labeling (ASL), blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD), MR elastography, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), and hyperpolarization provide new information and will likely be integrated into daily clinical practice in the near future. Furthermore, there is great interest in the study of tumor heterogeneity as a prognostic factor and in relation to resistance to treatment, and this interest is leading to the application of new methods of analysis of multiparametric protocols. In parallel, new oncologic biomarkers that integrate the information from MR with clinical, laboratory, genetic, and histologic findings are being developed, thanks to the application of big data and artificial intelligence. This review analyzes different emerging MR techniques that are able to evaluate the physiological, metabolic, and mechanical characteristics of cancer, as well as the main clinical applications of these techniques. In addition, it summarizes the most novel methods of analysis of functional radiologic information in oncology

Contemporary pollen and seed dispersal in natural populations of Bertholletia excelsa (Bonpl.).

Due to the nutritional content and commercial value of its seeds, Bertholletia excelsa is one of the most important species exploited in the Amazon region. The species is hermaphroditic, insect pollinated, and its seeds are dispersed by barochory and animals. Because the fruit set is dependent on natural pollinator activity, gene flow plays a key role in fruit production. However, to date, there have been no studies on pollen and seed flow in natural populations of B. excelsa. Herein, we used microsatellite loci and parentage analysis to investigate the spatial genetic structure (SGS), realized pollen and seed dispersal, and effective pollen dispersal for two B. excelsa populations in the Brazilian Amazon forest. Two plots were established in natural forests from which adults, juveniles, and seeds were sampled. Realized and effective pollen flow was greater than realized seed flow. The distance of realized pollen dispersal ranged from 36 to 2060 m, and the distance of realized seed dispersal ranged from 30 to 1742 m. Both pollen and seeds showed a dispersal pattern of isolation by distance, indicating a high frequency of mating among near-neighbor trees and seed dispersal near to mother trees. Both populations present SGS up to 175 m, which can be explained by isolation by distance pollen and seed dispersal patterns. Our results suggested that fragmentation of these forest populations may result in a significant decrease in gene flow, due to the isolation by distance pollen and seed dispersal patterns.

The effect of live feeds bathed with the red seaweed Asparagopsis armata on the survival, growth and physiology status of Sparus aurata larvae.

Larval rearing is affected by a wide range of microorganisms that thrive in larviculture systems. Some seaweed species have metabolites capable of reducing the bacterial load. However, no studies have yet tested whether including seaweed metabolites on larval rearing systems has any effects on the larvae development. This work assessed the development of Sparus aurata larvae fed preys treated with an Asparagopsis armata product. Live prey, Brachionus spp. and Artemia sp., were immersed in a solution containing 0.5% of a commercial extract of A. armata (Ysaline 100, YSA) for 30 min, before being fed to seabream larvae (n = 4 each). In the control, the live feed was immersed in clear water. Larval parameters such as growth, survival, digestive capacity (structural-histology and functional-enzymatic activity), stress level (cortisol content), non-specific immune response (lysozyme activity), anti-bacterial activity (disc-diffusion assay) and microbiota quantification (fish larvae gut and rearing water) were monitored. Fish larvae digestive capacity, stress level and non-specific immune response were not affected by the use of YSA. The number of Vibrionaceae was significantly reduced both in water and larval gut when using YSA. Growth was enhanced for YSA treatment, but higher mortality was also observed, especially until 10 days after hatching (DAH). The mortality peak observed at 8 DAH for both treatments, but higher for YSA, indicates larval higher susceptibility at this development stage, suggesting that lower concentrations of YSA should be used until 10 DAH. The application of YSA after 10 DAH onwards promotes a safer rearing environment.

Morphologic and Functional Heart Abnormalities Associated to High Modified Tei Index in Hypertensive Patients.

INTRODUCTION: LV dysfunction develops early in hypertension, even previously to left ventricular remodeling. AIMS: To determine the frequency of morphologic and functional heart abnormalities associated to abnormal modified Tei Index in untreated hypertensive (HBP) patients (p) with preserved ejection fraction (pEF). METHODS: Case-control study. Three groups: (1) HBP without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); (2) HBP with LVH; (3) non-HBP controls. Ejection fraction >54 % identified pEF. LVH measured by Devereux method. Systolic and diastolic functions assessed by standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler. 2013 ESH/ESC Hypertension Guidelines normal values were considered. Tei index measured at the lateral and septal LV walls in apical 4-chamber view by tissue Doppler, value >0.40 considered abnormal. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: multifactorial ANOVA test adjusted by sex and age, p < 0.05 statistically significant. RESULTS: The study included 14 controls, 88 HBP p without LVH, and 19 HBP p with LVH. The HBP p sample mean age was 58.7 ± 13.5 years and 52 (44.1 %) were males. Mean Tei Index was 0.35 ± 0.03 in controls; 0.42 ± 0.05 in HBP without LVH; and 0.42 ± 0.06 in HBP with LVH (p < 0.025). Abnormal Tei Index was present in 2p (14.3 %) controls; 64 p (72.7 %) HBP without LVH; and 15 p (78.9 %) HBP with LVH (p < 0.0009). Tissue Doppler's wave was 8.4 ± 0.9 cm/s in controls; 8 ± 1.6 cm/s in HBP without LVH and 7.8 ± 1.1 cm/s in HBP with LVH. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Left ventricular dysfunction is frequent in HBP p, even without LVH; (2) modified tissue Doppler Tei index is a useful tool for the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction.

World Health Organization cardiovascular risk stratification and target organ damage / Estratificación del riesgo cardiovascular de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y daño en órgano blanco

Background: Prediction charts allow treatment to be targeted according to simple markers of cardiovascular risk; many algorithms do not recommend screening asymptomatic target organ damage which could change dramatically the assessment. Objective: To demonstrate that target organ damage is present in low cardiovascular risk hypertensive patients and it is more frequent and severe as global cardiovascular risk increases. Methods: Consecutive hypertensive patients treated at a single Latin American center. Cardiovascular risk stratified according to 2013 WHO/ISH risk prediction chart America B. Left ventricular mass assessed by Devereux method, left ventricular hypertrophy considered >95 g/m2 in women and >115 g/m2 in men. Transmitral diastolic peak early flow velocity to average septal/lateral peak early diastolic relaxation velocity (E/e’ ratio) measured cut off value >13. Systolic function assessed by tissue Doppler average interventricular septum/lateral wall mitral annulus rate systolic excursion (s wave). Results: A total of 292 patients were included of whom 159 patients (54.5%) had cardiovascular risk of < 10%, 90 (30.8%) had cardiovascular risk of 10-20% and 43 (14.7%) had cardiovascular risk of >20%. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 17.6% low risk patients, 27.8% in medium risk and 23.3% in high risk (p < 0.05), abnormal E/e′ ratio was found in 13.8%, 31.1% and 27.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). Mean s wave was 8.03 + 8, 8.1 + 9 and 8.7 + 1 cm/s for low, intermediate and high risk patients, respectively (p < 0.025). Conclusions: Target organ damage is more frequent and severe in high risk; one over four subjects was misclassified due to the presence of asymptomatic target organ damage

Antecedentes: Las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular dirigen el tratamiento según marcadores clínicos sencillos. Muchos algoritmos no recomiendan el cribado rutinario del daño de órgano blanco asintomático que podría cambiar drásticamente la estratificación. Objetivos: Demostrar que el daño en órgano blanco es altamente prevalente en el bajo riesgo cardiovascular y más frecuente y severo en la medida en que este aumenta. Material y métodos: Un total de 292 pacientes hipertensos consecutivos no tratados en un único centro latinoamericano. Riesgo cardiovascular estratificado según Guía 2013 OMS/ISH América B. Masa ventricular izquierda evaluada por método de Devereux, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda >95 g/m2 mujeres y >115 g/m2hombres. Se midió relación velocidad pico diastólico transmitral con doppler y velocidad diastólica precoz septal y lateral del anillo mitral con doppler tisular (relación E/e′), valor de corte >13. Función sistólica evaluada por doppler tisular como tasa de excursión tabique interventricular y pared lateral (onda s). Resultados: Un total de 159 pacientes (54,5%) presentaron riesgo cardiovascular <10%; 90 (30,8%) riesgo cardiovascular entre el 10% y el <20% y 43 (14,7%) presentaron un riesgo cardiovascular >20%. La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en 17,6% pacientes fue de bajo riesgo, en el 27,8% de riesgo intermedio y en el 23,3% de alto riesgo (p < 0,05), con relación E/e′ anormal 13,8; 31,1 y 27,9%, respectivamente (p < 0,05). La onda s promedio fue de 8,03 + 8; 8,1 + 9 ; y 8,7 + 1 cm/seg para riesgo bajo, intermedio y alto, respectivamente (p < 0,025). Conclusiones: El daño en órgano blanco fue más frecuente y severo en alto riesgo; uno de cada 4 sujetos fue clasificado erróneamente debido a presencia de daño en órgano blanco subclínico

World Health Organization cardiovascular risk stratification and target organ damage.

BACKGROUND: Prediction charts allow treatment to be targeted according to simple markers of cardiovascular risk; many algorithms do not recommend screening asymptomatic target organ damage which could change dramatically the assessment. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that target organ damage is present in low cardiovascular risk hypertensive patients and it is more frequent and severe as global cardiovascular risk increases. METHODS: Consecutive hypertensive patients treated at a single Latin American center. Cardiovascular risk stratified according to 2013 WHO/ISH risk prediction chart America B. Left ventricular mass assessed by Devereux method, left ventricular hypertrophy considered >95g/m(2) in women and >115g/m(2) in men. Transmitral diastolic peak early flow velocity to average septal/lateral peak early diastolic relaxation velocity (E/e' ratio) measured cut off value >13. Systolic function assessed by tissue Doppler average interventricular septum/lateral wall mitral annulus rate systolic excursion (s wave). RESULTS: A total of 292 patients were included of whom 159 patients (54.5%) had cardiovascular risk of <10%, 90 (30.8%) had cardiovascular risk of 10-20% and 43 (14.7%) had cardiovascular risk of >20%. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 17.6% low risk patients, 27.8% in medium risk and 23.3% in high risk (p<0.05), abnormal E/e' ratio was found in 13.8%, 31.1% and 27.9%, respectively (p<0.05). Mean s wave was 8.03+8, 8.1+9 and 8.7+1cm/s for low, intermediate and high risk patients, respectively (p<0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Target organ damage is more frequent and severe in high risk; one over four subjects was misclassified due to the presence of asymptomatic target organ damage.

Diversity and genetic structure of mangaba remnants in states of northeastern Brazil.

In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of remnants of mangaba populations in states of northeastern Brazil by applying 9 microsatellite markers previously developed to establish conservation strategies for germplasm and species preservation. Six to 20 individuals per population were analyzed, with a total of 94 individuals and 6 populations from the states of Ceará, Pernambuco, and Sergipe, Brazil. The intra-population positive fixation index (f) in all populations indicated inbreeding resulting from the lack of random mating. The mean genetic diversity index values GST, FST, and RST estimated for divergence among the 6 populations were 0.14 (P < 0.05), revealing moderate genetic differentiation. The smallest FST value (P ≥ 0.05) was observed between the Jacarecoara and Tapera populations (0.005) and the highest between the Barra dos Coqueiros and Jacarecoara populations (0.287). The Jacarecoara population was the most divergent among the populations analyzed. According to analysis of molecular variance results, the largest variation percentage resulted from variability within populations (83.18%). Bayesian clustering analysis showed the formation of 2 sets (K = 2). Our results are important for developing strategies for in situ conservation of the species, seed collection, and ex situ conservation. For both methods, conservation of the greatest possible genetic variability of the species is essential.

Revisión bibliográfica de Implantología Bucofacial del año 2011. Primera parte / Bibliographic review of Oral Implantology of year 2011. Firts Part

La gran diversidad de fuentes de información que nos proporciona la literatura científica junto al escaso tiempo de que disponen los profesionales de la Odontología para consultarlas, ha motivado a los autores de este artículo a efectuar una revisión de la literatura científica publicada a lo largo del año 2011 en el campo de la Implantología Bucofacial. Con este fin se han agrupado los diferentes artículos consultados de revistas indexadas, en distintos apartados(generalidades, plan de tratamiento, pacientes especiales, superficies y diseño de los implantes, implantes inmediatos, carga inmediata, periimplantitis y complicaciones), con el fin de facilitar una buena puesta al día

The diversity existing in the multiple scientific literature information sources and the lack of available time to consult them, have encouraged the authors of this paper to carry out a review of the scientific literature published in year 2011 regarding Oral Implantology. Thus, we classified the articles into different categories (generalities, treatment planning, special patients, surfaces and design, immediate implants, immediate loading, periimplantitis and complications), so a more comprehensive updating can be made

Optimization of intracellular microcystin-LR extraction for its analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay.

Microcystins are toxins produced by some strains of cyanobacteria. Several methods have been developed to allow the quantification of microcystins, which are mainly endotoxins. Among those methods, the protein phosphatase inhibition assay is a good candidate as a screening method because of its sensitivity, simplicity and specificity. In this work a method for intracellular microcystin extraction in field water samples and lab cyanobacterial cultures prior to their analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay has been optimized. Microcystin-LR and Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 were used as reference microcystin and strain, respectively, in order to optimize the protocol. The protocol consists on filtering the sample through a nylon filter of 0.8 microm, filter extraction with methanol 80% 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 0.1% tween 20, extract centrifugation and supernatant dilution (1/20). The establishment of an extraction protocol was carried out determining the extraction volume, time of extraction and number of extractions. The advantages of the method developed in this work are basically its simplicity and avoiding the use of specific and expensive equipment.

Pros y contras percibidos de la actividad física realizada por adultos mayores / Perceived pros and cons of physical activity by older adults

INTRODUCCION: La práctica de actividad física regular es una de las prioridades en salud pública para incrementar el bienestar y la calidad de vida especialmente en la tercera edad. Esta práctica depende de varios factores entre otros las experiencias previas de la conducta y la valoración de las ventajas y desventajas que tiene su realización. Propósito: Conocer los pros (ventajas) y Contras (desventajas) percibidos del ejercicio físico en adultos mayores. METODOLOGÍA: En este estudio se utilizó el balance decisional (Prochaska y Di Clemente1997). Se aplicó la aproximación cualitativa con muestreo teórico y análisis de contenido en una muestra de 15 participantes. Resultados: Estos mostraron tres categorías: Pros de la actividad física construida a partir de las subcategorías: mejorar la salud física y emocional e incrementar las relaciones interpersonales. La segunda categoría: Contras se construyó a partir de las subcategorías ambientales ocupaciones enfermedades y ser cuidadores de otras personas y una tercer categoría identificada se construyó con las razones para realizar la actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los pros y contras señalados por los participantes pueden ser la clave para el diseño de estrategias de programas de salud encaminados a incluir la actividad física en el adulto mayor.

Introduction: The practice of regular physical activity is one of the priorities in public Health to increase the well-being and the quality of life especially in the third age. This practice depends on several factors, among others the previous experiences of the conduct and evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages upon achievement. Purpose: Acknowledge pros and cons detected on physical exercise on older adults. Methodology: In this study the decisional balance (Prochaska and Di Clemente,1997) was used. The qualitive approach was applied by theoretical sampling and analysis of content sampling 15 participants. Results: They showed this categories: Pros of the physi cal activity, built from the subcategories: To improve the physical and emotional health and to increase the interpersonal relations. The second category, cons was formed from environmental Subcategories: Occupations, diseases and to carers of others persons and a third Identified category was the reasons of physical activity. Conclusions: The pros and cons distinguished by the participants can be the key for the strategic health programs design aimed to include physical activity on major adults.

Esofagitis necrotizante aguda. Una patología poco conocida / No disponible

La esofagitis necrotizante aguda (ENA) es una rara entidadcuya etiología es desconocida, siendo el mecanismo patogénicomultifactorial, participando fundamentalmente el compromiso isquémico,la malnutrición y la obstrucción del tracto digestivo alto.Los hallazgos endoscópicos muestran una coloración negruzca dela mucosa esofágica con transición brusca a nivel de la unión esofagogástrica.El pronóstico depende de las enfermedades de base.Se revisan los casos de ENA, excluyendo los secundarios a caústicos,recogidos de forma retrospectiva durante los últimos 2 años.Se analizan los factores de riesgo, la presentación clínica, los hallazgosendoscópicos, la histología, el tratamiento y la evolución.En nuestro departamento, se han diagnosticado 7 casos de ENAen 6.003 gastroscopias realizadas en el periodo de estudio, representandoasí la ENA el 0,11% de la exploraciones

Acute esophageal necrosis is a rare disorder, and its etiology isunknown, the mechanism of damage being usually multifactorialand secondary to ischemic compromise, acute gastric outlet obstruction,and malnutrition. Endoscopic findings show circumferentialblack discoloration of the distal esophagus with proximal extensionending sharply at the gastroesophageal junction, which isthe most common presentation. Prognosis depends on comorbidillnesses. In this study we analyze all cases reported in a retrospectiveanalysis over a 2-year period to define risk factors, clinicalpresentation, endoscopic features, histological appearance, treatmentand outcome. Our department has recorded 7 cases from6,003 endoscopies performed in the last 2 years. The finding of a"black esophagus" represented 0.11% of cases

[Acute esophageal necrosis. An underdiagnosed disease]. / Esofagitis necrotizante aguda. Una patología poco conocida.

Acute esophageal necrosis is a rare disorder, and its etiology is unknown, the mechanism of damage being usually multifactorial and secondary to ischemic compromise, acute gastric outlet obstruction, and malnutrition. Endoscopic findings show circumferential black discoloration of the distal esophagus with proximal extension ending sharply at the gastroesophageal junction, which is the most common presentation. Prognosis depends on comorbid illnesses. In this study we analyze all cases reported in a retrospective analysis over a 2-year period to define risk factors, clinical presentation, endoscopic features, histological appearance, treatment and outcome. Our department has recorded 7 cases from 6,003 endoscopies performed in the last 2 years. The finding of a "black esophagus" represented 0.11% of cases.

[Molecular diagnosis and combined lipid lowering therapy of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Report of one case]. / Hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota: diagnóstico molecular y terapia combinada. Caso clínico.

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia affects one every 400 individuals, is caused by mutations in the LDL receptor gene and is associated with premature coronary artery disease. Nowadays, LDL cholesterol can be efficiently reduced with the new therapies to reduce blood lipids. We report a female patient who consulted in 1975, when she was 46 years old, for severe hypercholesterolemia. In 2003, a sample of leukocyte DNA was obtained and the uncommon 1705+1G>A mutation of the LDL receptor gene was detected. No mutations in the apolipoprotein B gene were found. The patient was treated successfully with simvastatin 80 mg/day and ezetimibe 10 mg/day and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced below 200 mg/dl.